Why is a Conceptual Framework not a Conceptual Model?

Any research topic has many perspectives. However, the researcher can’t concentrate simultaneously on all points of view. He has to put forward a logical structure that the research will continue to focus on in broad areas that will be covered. This is called the research framework. In essence, the research framework helps the researcher retain … Continue reading “Why is a Conceptual Framework not a Conceptual Model?”

Any research topic has many perspectives. However, the researcher can’t concentrate simultaneously on all points of view. He has to put forward a logical structure that the research will continue to focus on in broad areas that will be covered. This is called the research framework. In essence, the research framework helps the researcher retain a clear focus on the job. It can be theoretical or conceptual.

Definition

When there is a subject to investigate, there are certain theories associated with it. These theories are generalized with observations of the researcher himself or well-established theories proposed in the subject by the first researchers. A research framework is based on the theory known as the conceptual model and consists of a set of coherent ideas and interrelated models. It establishes the strategic point or perspective through which the researcher observes the problem. The conceptual framework is used by researchers to guide their information and presents research in relation to relevant publications. The conceptual framework can summarize the main dependent and independent variables in the research and the relationship between them. The conceptual framework is the operationalization of the conceptual model.

Goals

The objective of forming a conceptual model is to define a broad framework in which a researcher can work. The conceptual model improves the complete transparency of the
research, it also helps the researcher to get involved in the research more quickly as he searches only the information in the conceptual model and does not follow any other information he finds on the subject. The main objective in the formation of a conceptual model is to help the researcher to direct the research. The conceptual framework is used to identify the research methods and tools to carry out research effectively.

Components

The conceptual model seeks recognized theories in connection to the particular topic of research. The conceptual framework is the researcher’s idea about the way in which the research problem is explored, bearing in mind the theories presented in the conceptual model. The conceptual model is observed in the general relation of things of a phenomenon, while the conceptual framework presents the methods of study of the relationship between specific variables identified in the research topic. The conceptual framework gives an instruction to research that is missing in the conceptual model, helping to decide on the tools and methods that can be used in research.

The conceptual model is more extensive in the field and is seen in the larger image. Thus, an example of a conceptual model to investigate could be an extensive topic such as “Eating habits that affect health”. The conceptual framework is more specific and points out the specific variables that will have to be explored in the research. In this specific example, the conceptual framework may include the specific foods that can be eaten and their relationship to specify health issues such as blood pressure or diabetes.

Thus, conceptual framework can be stated as something that is variable where thoughts and concepts can be implemented making sure that the original theory is not distorted, whereas a model is something that represents a set of system that has a composition and self-defined characteristics.

Don’t Get Bogged Down by PhD

I have seen numerous PhD candidates highly obsessed with PhD, research and, dissertation, and this obsession either leads to success or depression. Working for long and extended hours on your Ph.D. research and be alert at the same time is next to impossible. Neither it is healthy nor is it producible to get seated and … Continue reading “Don’t Get Bogged Down by PhD”

I have seen numerous PhD candidates highly obsessed with PhD, research and, dissertation, and this obsession either leads to success or depression. Working for long and extended hours on your Ph.D. research and be alert at the same time is next to impossible. Neither it is healthy nor is it producible to get seated and focus on writing or reading for such long duration of time. Entering into the final sphere of ‘academia’ is enough to leave you baffled. Here, you require intensive reading, writing, research and outreach. Once you board on this excursion, you, by no means, are supposed to leave and go back. If you chose Ph.D. for valid and good reasons; you want to learn, contribute to the human knowledge, and enjoy this new phase, then it is a one-way road where you can’t even turn or look back for a while since Ph.D. push you and your genre to the extreme.  BUT who makes the decision of your success and rejection after such hard work?

Your actions. Your methodology. Your attitude. You!

By ‘you’, I mean your positive or negative (which is obnoxious) stance towards your PhD programme. No doubt there are many stumbling blocks to it, which demands toil every day. But just a few reminders and a bit confidence can bring an end to all your worries & stress.

It is a truth universally acknowledged that academics play a crucial role in the overall development and health of an individual. Research reveals that students of higher education (Masters/ PhD) are more likely to become depressed and unable to bear the psychological pressure. (Wisconsin Department of Health Service, 2009, P-00066).

The figure shows the mistakes generally PhD candidates do which might result in depression and prevent you from making progress. But I will discuss the two most common accidental mistakes that no one tells you to avoid:

Minimal coordination between supervisor and supervisee

A supervisor or mentor is allotted to you, inaugurating your PhD journey. Supervisor and supervisee share a very crucial relationship where one inculcates the study, research, and writing skills for the entire development, in the other. However, there are cases where either supervisor or supervisee is indifferent to each other. Supervisor plays not only an advisory role but also an evaluative role, thus it is a hard job for them to manage these two altogether. And since PhD candidate is already very baffled and confused entering the new sphere of academia (s)he is unable to fulfill the expectations of the supervisor. It results in lack of communication among them or supervisor becomes dominant with the student as a mere disciple unable to create anything anew. It means the very initial step is taken wrong and turned to a false step.

Make your supervisor aware of his importance to your PhD. Ask your supervisor for guidance for literature search, topic selection, refinement, and support in making management plans for future etcetera to come in good terms with him/her. It shows that his approval is all you need to move on with. More he gets to know his importance, more you progress with your dissertation. Be patient, calm and composed and trust your supervisor. Mark his comments & criticism on your drafts, try to improve it next time. Supervisor’s support and evaluation is the main pillar of your PhD. DO NOT undervalue his comments, criticism, and evaluation!

Leaf through scholarly journals randomly

Contrary to popular belief, doing research today is more challenging than preceding era. The reason made me believe it is that earlier, you could go to library and publications easily (although it was tiring) and found what you are looking for. You would make an outline of your paper, try to focus on the need and requirement of research roaming around library. Those were the days where libraries used to be a center of all intellects discussing and reading the old pile of books & papers. No, I do not mean that doing PhD and research in 20th century was easy- of course not. It was almost impossible for you to get into numerous libraries in quest of that perfect book. But what I’m trying to convey is that you were not offered much options or choices available back then. And today, technology brought generation to the point where doing research is never too easy. You have got hands over libraries, journals, articles, everything across the globe with just a click on the internet. No more struggles to find that perfect book which can do wonders to you. There are e-journals, e-books, and pdfs of research papers free of cost. Read, analyze, and write.

This is the reason why PhD candidates generally get lost in research and investigation. They read hundreds of research papers and material through internet on the same topic, then inter-related topics, end up writing irrelevant information, references and so on. It not only results in a bunch of irrelevant papers in contrast with the dissertation/thesis topic but also breaks the flow of your thoughts and ideas. Thus, e-research can proved to be disastrous for all those who fail to keep their minds focused.

What can be done to narrow down focus and research material?

Ask yourself few questions before you sit with your laptop, pen, and paper. Try to figure out the reasons behind your reading-

  • What are you looking for?
  • What is your topic about?
  • What could be the specific areas associated with topic which people are not much aware of?
  • What do you want to comprehend?
  • Do you want to use the text for your own theory or methodology?
  • How can I make readers interested in my thesis?

These are just few examples of how you can list questions and answer all of them in your thesis with only necessary information. Take a pen and paper, list all the necessary questions that can be raised from your planned research and then research wisely. Only look for the answers of your questions. Internet can make you go round and round and get you nowhere, no matter how much time you spend, how informative and valid papers you find. However, it is up to you which mode you find better to research- through internet or paper publications.

PhD’s most crucial component is writing dissertation which is discipline-specified, and time-specified. It brings the new personality in you, as an author (believe it or not), regardless of your proficiency in language in the concerned language. Ultimately, it will leave you as an author, researcher, mastering the subject matter of individual academic discipline.

PhD in A Top South Indian University – A Guide For Post Graduate Students

Over the years, South Indian universities have reached a new pinnacle of success in academia with their research faculty, infrastructure and cutting-edge innovation. Several of these universities have now metamorphosed into global hubs for research. If you are looking to get your PhD from a good university in South India, this is a guide that … Continue reading “PhD in A Top South Indian University – A Guide For Post Graduate Students”

Over the years, South Indian universities have reached a new pinnacle of success in academia with their research faculty, infrastructure and cutting-edge innovation. Several of these universities have now metamorphosed into global hubs for research.

If you are looking to get your PhD from a good university in South India, this is a guide that is tailor-made for you. Get all details about the top South Indian universities so that you can make an educated choice as to where you’d want to pursue your PhD from.

BHARATHIYAR UNIVERSITY

One of the most noted South Indian University, Bharathiyar University has 13 schools and 37 Research Departments on its campus.
Eligibility Criteria:

  1. Eligibility assistants / Project Fellows / Research associates / appointed in the research projects funded by recognized agencies / Government / industries are eligible to register for Ph.D. Any professional with minimum period of two years of experience after obtaining their professional qualification is eligible for Part-time Ph.D. registration
  2. Subjects like Engineering, Medicine, Law and Agriculture are not eligible to register under Bharathiar University.
  3. A candidate must have a minimum 55% (5% relaxation for SC/ST candidates in the minimum eligibility) marks in the qualifying examinations.
  4. Candidate working as a Guest Lecturer in a Govt. College or a Govt. Aided College in Tamil Nadu is allowed to register after producing a NOC from their employer.
  5. Those who are going to register Ph.D. without fellowship must have appeared the Common Eligibility Test (CET) conducted by the Bharathiar University.
  1. Candidates from outside Tamil Nadu will be allowed to register for Part time Ph.D. subject to production of NOC from HOD/Head of the Employer.

GITAM UNIVERSITY

Tucked away in the beautiful port city of Vishakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, Gandhi Institute of Technology and Management is one of the top most South Indian Universities for PhD. With excellent infrastructure and an unfettered dedication to research, GITAM has branches in Hyderabad and Bangalore too.

Eligibility Criteria: (Full/Part time)

  1. The admissions are based on merit in the qualifying examination and entrance examination.
  2. Admission for the following categories will be taken up during any time of the year. (i) Candidates with JRF (CSIR/UGC/NET qualification). (ii) Candidates selected as project fellows in the projects sanctioned by national funding agencies. (iii) Candidates under FIP program. (iv) Candidates under extramural category.
  3. A candidate must secure prescribed marks in the entrance examination and personal interview.
  4. Candidates admitted to full-time Ph.D. should not undertake any assignment / employment or shall not pursue any other full-time program of study simultaneously.

Find out more at http://www.gitam.edu/

VIT UNIVERSITY

Located in the serene town of Vellore, Tamil Nadu, VIT has a mammoth campus with world-class infrastructure and research facilities.

Eligibility Criteria:

  1. To apply for Ph.D. in Engineering, Candidates must have Master’s degree in Engineering / Technology / Business Administration with a first class (min 60% or 6.5 CGPA) or equivalent M.Sc/M.S.
  2. To apply for Ph.D. in Sciences / Humanities / Languages, Candidates must have Master’s degree in Science (min 60%) / Humanities (55%) / Social Sciences / Languages.
  3. All the staff members of the institute having the requisite minimum qualifications can work on a part time basis for Ph.D degree.
  4. Teachers working in other colleges and candidates sponsored by R & D organisations, National laboratories and Industries having R & D facilities recognized by DSIR, with requisite minimum qualifications can also work on part time basis for Ph.D degree

Selection Procedure:

School will short-list the candidates to be called for written and test / interview. Selection will be based on the overall merit index of the candidate which calculated on the candidate’s performance in the previous university examinations at Bachelor’s (20%) and Master’s level (20%) and the performance in the written test and / the interview (60%).

Candidates qualified in CSIR-UGC NET for JRF may be exempted from the written test requirement.

Duration Of the Programme:

All full-time Research Scholars should submit the thesis within five years from the date of registration. The Doctoral Committee may extend the period of submission of thesis by one year on valid reasons.

 All part-time Research Scholars should submit their thesis within six years from the date of their registration.

The Doctoral Committee may extend the period of submission of thesis by one year on valid reasons.

Find out more at http://www.vit.ac.in/

VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Located in Karnataka, Visvesvaraya Technological University has Ph.D. in Engineering, Science, Architecture and Management studies

Eligibility:

Course work details, rules & regulations pertaining to Ph.D./M.Sc.(Engg.) by Research is available on website https://vtu.ac.in/

Research Methodology:

Module 1: Meaning, Objectives and Characteristics of research – Research methods Vs Methodology – Types of research – Descriptive Vs. Analytical, Applied Vs. Fundamental, Quantitative Vs. Qualitative, Conceptual Vs. Empirical – Research process – Criteria of good research – Developing a research plan.

Module 2: Defining the research problem – Selecting the problem – Necessity of defining the problem – Techniques involved in defining the problem – Importance of literature review in defining a problem – Survey of literature – Primary and secondary sources – Reviews, treatise, monograph spatents – web as a source – searching the web – Identifying gap areas from literature review – Development of working hypothesis.

Module 3: Research design and methods – Research design – Basic Principles- Need of research design –– Features of good design – Important concepts relating to research design – Observation and Facts, Laws and Theories, Prediction and explanation, Induction, Deduction, Development of Models – Developing a research plan – Exploration, Description, Diagnosis, and Experimentation – Determining experimental and sample designs.

Module 4: Sampling design – Steps in sampling design – Characteristics of a good sample design – Types of sample designs – Measurement and scaling techniques – Methods of data collection – Collection of primary data – Data collection instruments

Module 5: Testing of hypotheses – Basic concepts – Procedure for hypotheses testing flow diagram for hypotheses testing – Data analysis with Statistical Packages – Correlation and Regression – Important parametric test – Chi-square test – Analysis of variance and Covariance

Module 6: IPRs- Invention and Creativity- Intellectual Property-Importance and Protection of Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs).A brief summary of: Patents, Copyrights, Trademarks, Industrial Designs- Integrated Circuits-Geographical Indications-Establishment of WIPO-Application and Procedures.

Module 7: Interpretation and report writing – Techniques of interpretation – Structure and components of scientific reports – Different steps in the preparation – Layout, structure and language of the report – Illustrations and tables – Types of report – Technical reports and thesis

SRM UNIVERSITY

SRM University is located in Chennai, Tamil Nadu with a boastful infrastructure and a dedicated staff that makes it a paradise for any research student.

Eligibility

Minimum academic qualification required for admission is that the candidate should possess a PG Degree / PG Diploma of two years duration recognized by the respective statutory bodies for pursuing research.

Guides

All Ph.D. candidates are required to work under the guidance of a recognized guide from the University.

The part time (external) candidates shall be required to have, in addition to a Research Guide from the respective faculty of this University, a recognized Co-guide/Research coordinator.

25 proven tips for completing your PhD thesis

Documenting the results of years of PhD research into a single thesis can be a challenge for most PhD students. As a PhD research student, you want to quickly prepare and submit your thesis at the earliest. This article focusses on 25 proven tips that you can use to complete your thesis at the earliest: … Continue reading “25 proven tips for completing your PhD thesis”

Documenting the results of years of PhD research into a single thesis can be a challenge for most PhD students. As a PhD research student, you want to quickly prepare and submit your thesis at the earliest.

This article focusses on 25 proven tips that you can use to complete your thesis at the earliest:

  1. Get the exact requirements of your thesis from your supervisor. You don’t want to exceed the word or page count, and then spend time editing the content.
  2. Prepare an outline or structure for your thesis.
  3. Do not delay the start of your thesis writing. Delay in thesis writing can increase your stress.
  4. Work on your thesis each day. Keep adding content to your thesis. On days when you don’t feel like writing, spend time on reading research material and jotting down useful notes.
  5. Focus on the content of your thesis and do not bother much about spellings and sentence construction in your first draft.
  6. Rework is an integral part of your thesis writing, so do not spend time trying to avoid it.
  7. You do not need to complete the chapter introduction first before moving to the body.
  8. Work on the easier sections of your thesis first.
  9. You do not need to complete a particular section before moving on to the next. Switch between sections to avoid getting stuck at any point.
  10. Develop a weekly plan for your thesis and break it down to manageable daily activities.
  11. Plan more time for the difficult part of your thesis than the easier parts.
  12. Even when writing on your thesis, ensure that you keep reading research material for fresh ideas and concepts.
  13. In addition to your thesis writing, you also need to prepare for your viva or thesis defense.
  14. Write the introduction section of your thesis last in order to include all your ideas.
  15. Do not neglect your sleep and physical well-being during thesis writing.
  16. Don’t spend more than a couple of hours each day on your thesis.
  17. Discuss your research ideas with your peers and friends.
  18. Maintain a checklist of important tasks and tick them off when completed.
  19. Remember that your Phd thesis must be rich in content, not in page count.
  20. Don’t treat your PhD thesis as your most important submission.
  21. Use a notepad or journal to jot down your research ideas.
  22. Maintain good relations with your supervisor.
  23. Remember it is your research project, so take ownership of your thesis.
  24. Develop your own style of writing.
  25. Focus more on completion than on perfection.

Why PhD in VTU is different and how to tackle Comprehensive Viva?

VTU or Visvesvaraya Technological University has 194 colleges and offers 28 disciplines in varied undergraduate courses. Also, it offers 71 disciplines in post graduate studies. It offers doctoral studies in both part-time as well as a full-time option. The university is famous for a relatively different PhD course structure that it follows. The PhD programme … Continue reading “Why PhD in VTU is different and how to tackle Comprehensive Viva?”

VTU or Visvesvaraya Technological University has 194 colleges and offers 28 disciplines in varied undergraduate courses. Also, it offers 71 disciplines in post graduate studies. It offers doctoral studies in both part-time as well as a full-time option. The university is famous for a relatively different PhD course structure that it follows. The PhD programme here is split into different stages. What is different here is that, at the beginning of the II Part of the programme, which is followed by the course work in the previous part, the scholar is expected to face the comprehensive VIVA VOCE.

 This Comprehensive VIVA is slightly different from other universities and has the following details:

The scholar is expected to submit a written request for the conduct of the same within a span of maximum six months from the completion of the course work in Part I of the programme. A further extension of 6 months may be requested by the scholar with due approval of the research guide, in the case of any health related issues.

The research centre of the university has the responsibility or organising the comprehensive VIVA in consultation with the doctoral committee. It usually gets scheduled within the span of one month of the request submitted by the scholar. It is a tough closed door examination which includes the members of the doctoral committee, other than the scholar, and the research supervisor. The doctoral committee has the right to invite examiners also if the research guide has recommended any specialist or expert in the area of study.

The scholar is expected to prepare a presentation on the research topic. It should include in detail the work done so far, and what is the proposed work for the future. The intention of the doctoral committee is to verify and ensure that the scholar is through with the fundamental concepts, and also has the know how to apply the knowledge for the smooth conduct of the research work.

You got to be prepared and thorough at tackling the comprehensive VIVA. Be very particular about having a good study on the existing literature in your area of study. Particularly the one that has been taken up in the past 3 years as this is where the new trends could be understood. You must also know where your study fits in to fill the gap that has been created by previous studies. Your research methodology should be elaborate and simplified to the extent that each stage should smoothly graduate to the next one. Have the justification ready for your chosen research tools and techniques as well.